Bioorthogonal Tethering Enhances Drug Fragment Affinity for G Protein "We left on a Saturday morning and drove all day," she recalls. She was the fourth daughter of schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (18391915) and Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller. Moreover, AKT kinase is a major driver of glycolysis, stimulating the switch from mitochondrial respiration to aerobic glycolysis.46, Our results show that metabolic modulation by DCA and galactose adaptation resulted in the activation of AKT in MM cells and a concomitant FOXO inactivation, suggesting that altered metabolic demands are relayed into the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, likely representing feedback regulation. (C) Heatmaps showing (z-score transformed) expression of Reactome glycolysis genes (upper panels) and KEGG_TCA cycle genes (lower panels) in LME-1 CTRL clones and LME-1 FOXO1-knockout (FOXO1-/-) clones (left panels), MM1.S CTRL clones and FOXO3-KO (FOXO3-/-) (middle panels), and XG-3 CTRL clones and FOXO3-KO clones (right panels) that were treated overnight with 2.5 M MK2206 or left untreated. Her brother was John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (18741960). "[16] She followed up in Time magazine by stating "My interest in reincarnation is of many years' standing. Nevertheless, the glycolytic reserve of the primary MM cells was limited and similar to that observed in the HMCLs. To explore whether these findings also apply to patients with MM, a large GEP dataset comprising 542 patients with MM was partitioned into 2 groups representing either high (n= 387) or low (n= 155) FOXO activity, based on the expression of the shared FOXOrepressed gene set.18 GSEA showed that patients with MM with low FOXO activity were significantly enriched (FDR <0.25) for glycolysis, TCA cycle, and OXPHOS-associated gene sets in comparison with those with high FOXO activity. (B) Multivariate analysis of subgroups (n= 525) for OS. "So during Colon Cancer Month [March], I'm a beast about promoting screenings. "The Rockefeller Women." Texarkana is actually two cities -- one in Texas and one in Arkansas -- divided by the Texas-Arkansas state line. "We had gone to almost every state by the time I graduated high school," she says, adding that after high school she and her mother and sister traveled even more. Phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473, which marks its activation, slightly increased upon treatment with DCA in 2 out of 3 galactose-adapted HMCLs. He lived until 1959. Harold Fowler McCormick Jr. (18981973), who married Anne Urquhart Brown "Fifi" (, Muriel McCormick (19031959), who married Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1878-1936), a nephew of. Associated Press text, photo, graphic, audio and/or video material shall not be published, broadcast, rewritten for broadcast or publication or redistributed directly or indirectly in any medium. Editha McCormick (19031904), who also died young. In February 1923, she received some minor press for claiming to be the reincarnation of the wife of King Tutankhamen, whose tomb had just been explored and was a popular topic. After radiation, chemotherapy and surgery at UAMS, Lavender spent time recuperating in Texarkana at her family home. Like a flash I recognized that chair. However, when glucose is present, glycolysis remains the major source of ATP production for HMCLs, as is evident from their limited glycolytic reserve. Rather, a subpopulation of cells displayed an increased glucose uptake, perhaps because of feedback regulation (supplemental Figure2D). Patients were clustered based on the FOXO-regulated LE gene sets; LE glycolysis, LE TCA cycle, or LE OXPHOS, which were derived by combining the LE genes from GSEAs performed for several glycolysis, TCA cycle, or OXPHOS gene sets (Supplemental Table1). "I had no reason to believe I was sick," she says. "UAMS is Arkansas' cancer center," Lavender says, adding that she encourages Arkansans with cancer to consider UAMS for treatment. "I remembered that I loved everything at UAMS then," she says. David Dubinsky, the president of the ILGWU, stands to his left, holding a pair of scissors. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Her Texarkana doctor recommended that she go to UAMS in Little Rock for treatment. It was the beginning of the wireless telecommunications industry, and Alltel was poised to be a big player. A local paper noted, of the first fair, that "One feature of the exhibit will be a collection of newspaper and magazine clippings, from various countries during the last 200 years emphasizing the storm of protest which greeted every suggestion for a freer social status for women. In addition, we show that the LE glycolysis, LE TCA, and LE OXPHOS gene sets are significantly enriched in MMPCs from newly diagnosed patients (Figure5B) and patients with refractory/relapsed MM in comparison with those having healthy donor plasma cells, but not in those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. April 30, 2023 at 7:30 a.m. Betsy Lavender at the Winthrop Rockefeller Cancer Institute at UAMS. Cell lines, cell culture conditions, and details on reagents are provided in the supplemental Materials and Methods. John D. Rockefeller - Biography, Facts & Children - History For Lavender, 52, a colorectal cancer survivor, participating is part of her mission to encourage people to get screened for colorectal cancer. Nonetheless, the aberrantly activated MYC-dependent gene expression is still subject to auxiliary regulation, in which PI3K/AKT signaling plays a pivotal role.44,45 However, the expression of MYC was significantly different in patients with MM classified as FOXO high (low AKT activity) vs those classified as FOXO low (high AKT activity) (supplemental Figure5). "[18] Newspaper articles mention organizing troubles that caused it to be cancelled in 1929. In order to disseminate Jung's ideas, Edith paid to have his writings translated into English. SPEEDING TO ILL SISTER; Financier, Despite Attack of Shingles, Is on Way to Chicago to See Mrs. Edith McCormick", "J.D. His father, William Avery . Her mother would play piano and they would all sing. ); grants or awards from the US Department of Defense, National Cancer Institute (R01 CA236814) (DoD; CA180190), the Myeloma Crowd Research Initiative award, and the Riney Family Multiple Myeloma Research Program Fund (F.Z. I want a nation of workers." Groups were defined as high (red lines) or low (blue lines) expressing groups. The Cancer Within Modern Medicine Part 1 & 2 | SGT Report Gates open and registration begins at 6:30 p.m. By helping with projects such as the walk, Lavender is doing her part to help build momentum for UAMS as it prepares to apply for the NCI Designation from the National Cancer Institute. And the fact that she's willing to scream it from the mountaintops makes me love her even more.". EDITH ROCKEFELLER TO GET $8,419,032", "J.D. To exclude the possibility that a perturbed AKT signaling indirectly affected mitochondrial respiration because of its effect on glycolysis, the OCR was determined in LME-1 and MM1.S, with either glucose, pyruvate, or glutamine present in the Seahorse medium as a single carbon source. FDR, ES, NES, and P-value are shown in the plots. In 2016, Lavender caught the attention of Katie Couric, the former co-anchor of NBC's Today Show, who led a national colorectal cancer awareness campaign in the late 1990s after her husband, Jay Monahan, died from the disease at age 42. This year, she is already at work on raising money and recruiting a team of walkers for the third annual walk, which starts at 8:30 a.m. Saturday at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock. Bar graphs (right panels) depict basal respiration values, and means SEM are shown (one-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni multiple comparison test, P< .0001, P< .001, P< .01, P< .05; ns= not significant. As expected, ECAR decreased upon DCA treatment, confirming reduced lactate production, whereas basal respiration was generally not increased in HMCLs. AKT prevents the metabolic shutdown of multiple myeloma cells by restricting FOXO. Edith was born on August 31, 1872 at her parents' home in Cleveland, Ohio. The increased reliance of cancer cells on glycolysis is often associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that aerobic glycolysis occurs at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).4 However, many tumors exhibit increased glycolysis and OXPHOS.7-9. and G.H.K. "She never wallowed in it," Kesterson says. She is especially interested in raising awareness. Her three elder sisters were Elizabeth (Bessie) (18661906), Alice (18691870), and Alta (18711962). She then went to UAMS, where she says the care she received saved her life. Heiress Kayla Rockefeller says Meghan Markle is 'controversial' OCR decreased upon AKT inhibition in the presence of pyruvate as the sole carbon source, indicating that AKT directly regulates mitochondrial respiration. The Board is composed entirely of volunteers from the . Similarly, the normalized spare respiratory capacity of HMCLs was similar to that of other BCLs, demonstrating that HMCLs and BCLs do not differ with regard to mitochondrial adaptability.27 However, both HMCLs and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines (BLCLs) showed very limited normalized glycolytic reserve (Figure1A). They lived on the Arkansas side, which she calls the "good side" of Texarkana. To continue their mission today, Shah says the RF must "directly confront climate change". It was not held thereafter. Z-score values are depicted, ranging from3 (blue) indicating low expression to 3 (red) indicating high expression. [12], Edith and Harold were divorced in December 1921. Biography: John D. Rockefeller, Senior | American Experience | PBS [8] After extended analysis and intense study, Edith became a Jungian analyst, with a full-time practice of more than fifty patients. Black Americans are about 20% more likely to get colorectal cancer and about 40% more likely to die from it than other ethnic groups. "I felt comfortable.". We developed a strategy to covalently tether drug fragments adjacent to allosteric sites in GPCRs to enhance . Monday Night Chat | Live chat with Guru and Cazz - Facebook supervised the study; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript. But in recent years, there has been a rise in early-onset colorectal cancer, which refers to cases that occur before age 45. However, this resulted in reduced proliferation and cell death in several HMCLs, suggesting that the ATP generated from mitochondrial respiration is not sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of MM cells. This experiment further indicated that glutamine can be used by HMCLs to fuel OXPHOS, which requires AKT activity. A Brief History of American Pharma: From Snake Oil to Big Money Upon graduation from high school, Lavender headed to the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville where she studied advertising and public relations. Couric invited Lavender to attend the Stand Up to Cancer telethon in Los Angeles, which Couric had co-founded to raise money for cancer research. UAMS started the walk in 2021 to honor patients with all forms of cancer and raise money for cancer research. Similar effects of DCA treatment were observed in other cancer types, such as non-small cell lung cancer cells38 and breast cancer cells.39 Our results indicate that the reliance of MM cells on glycolysis for proliferation and survival is not related to an intrinsic inability to perform OXPHOS because MM cells are able to switch to OXPHOS when cultured in the presence of galactose instead of glucose. The American Cancer Society, Inc., is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit corporation governed by a single Board of Directors that is responsible for setting policy, establishing long-term goals, monitoring general operations, and approving the organizational outcomes and allocation of resources. We raise nearly all of our money through private individual donations, which helps to . This was the pivotal moment when the AMA was no longer about the medicine and the physicians, it became America's most profitable LOBBY group. John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Rockefeller Archive Center. However, our results suggest that acetyl-CoA is not limiting for OXPHOS in MM cells because an increased acetyl-CoA formation caused by DCA treatment did not boost basal mitochondrial respiration. The plan fell through for undisclosed reasons in December 1922. Activation of PI3K/AKT signaling is an established oncogenic feature of MM cells, sustaining several antiapoptotic and proliferative pathways. She and her husband Harold Fowler McCormick were prominent in Chicago society, supporting many causes, including the citys first opera company. After a business trip in September 2012, however, she knew something was wrong. To her surprise, she didn't return home to Little Rock until Dec. 13, and then for only a short stay, and had to miss Christmas with her family. Lavender's experience would be positive as well. In 1925, she and other wealthy Chicago women including Miss Helen M. Bennett, Mrs. John V. Farwell, Mrs. Silas Strawn, Mrs. John Alden Carpenter, Mrs. B.F. Langworthy, Mrs. Florence Fifer Bohrer, and Mrs. Medill McCormick sponsored an international exposition to celebrate the progress and achievements of American women The first Woman's World's Fair, which was held at the American Exposition Palace on Lake Michigan in April 1925, and was held again each year in Chicago in April or May from 1926 to 1928. [2] Together, Harold and Edith were the parents of five children, three of whom survived to adulthood: A famous story about McCormick involves an evening in 1901 during a party. "Sometimes, I think it was better than any drug they could have given me," she says. Rockefeller Foundation's New Focus On Climate Change Signals The Next Edith later explained that her donation was motivated by a fascination with animal psychology. While in college, she also worked on what she calls her first "real" political campaign when Sheffield Nelson ran against the incumbent governor, Bill Clinton, in the 1990 gubernatorial campaign. Longtime friends are not surprised at Lavender's dedication to colorectal cancer awareness and prevention. Offsetting these medical advances, World War I killed 16.6 million people, including 6.8 million civilians. We passed out Clinton buttons and stickers." Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he. Now it seems that another iconic American institution has turned its back on the Sussexes: The Rockefeller family. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Despite the known role of AKT in modulating cellular metabolism, little is known about the downstream factors of AKT that control the metabolic adaptability of MM cells. Participants can choose to do a 1K or 5K route (both are wheelchair and stroller accessible). NEW ARTICLE: Rockefeller Foundation's New Focus on Climate Change Then in 2007, Lavender helped with another fundraiser for Hillary, this time as part of her first presidential bid. (B) Basal glycolysis in HMCLs and MMPCs (n= 2 patients) treated with 2.5 M MK2206 (blue bars) for 20 hours or untreated (red bars). It's sad to know how brainwashed breast cancer awareness is about chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Its global headquarters is located in the American Cancer Society Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Mean values for basal glycolysis andnormalized glycolytic reserve (percentage of basal glycolysis) based on ECAR and mean values for basal respiration and normalized spare respiratory capacity(percentage of basal respiration) based on OCR are depicted (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons test; HMCLs vs BCLs, n= 5 measurements. John D. Rockefeller, 1839-1937 | Rockefeller Archive Center Only the other day, while glancing through an illustrated paper, I saw a picture of a chair removed from the King's chamber. The 5.5-year survival rate was 54% in the LE glycolysis high group (n= 137) vs 71% in the LE glycolysis low group (n= 639). All univariate P values were reported regardless of significance. For Lavender, staying positive is key to dealing with cancer and all of life's challenges. The full-text version of this article contains a data supplement. Rockefeller then took control of the American Medical Association and began offering grants to top medical schools under the mandate that only his approved curriculum be taught. AKT was shown to regulate the expression of metabolic genes, primarily by controlling FOXO TFs.20,32 Previously, we defined a gene set that became repressed by FOXO upon AKT inhibition in MM cells (shared FOXOrepressed).18 GSEA indicated that the expression of these genes was enriched in MM cells (n= 75) in comparison with healthy donor plasma cells (n= 15),23 suggesting that FOXO is less active in MM cells (Figure3A). To assess whether the expression of FOXO-regulated metabolic genes is of prognostic importance for patients with MM, we investigated an extended GEP dataset obtained from patients with MM (n= 776), which includes survival data.22,25,33 First, the metabolic genes most strongly regulated by FOXO in MM were identified by performing an LE analysis on the GSEA data, in which AKT inhibitortreated control HMCL clones were compared with FOXO-deficient clones (Figure3A and supplemental Figure3A-C). Lavender was 42 when she was diagnosed. These results indicate that increased pyruvate conversion does not directly boost the TCA cycle and OXPHOS but may improve the mitochondrial fitness in most HMCLs. Cell numbers and specific cell death were determined by 7-aminoactinomycin D staining (BioLegend, San Diego, CA) and calculated as published previously.18 Experimental details for the glucose uptake assay are provided in the supplemental Materials and Methods. To test this, the effects of the hexokinase inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the survival of BCLs were determined. American Cancer Society - Wikipedia 1 Cancer cells are characterized by metabolic alterations, which are driven by oncogenes. They later moved to Chicago. [10] In 1919 McCormick donated land she had received from her father as a wedding gift to the Forest Preserve of Cook County, to be developed as a zoological garden, later to become Chicago's Brookfield Zoo. In that respect, (combinatorial) targeting of signaling pathways that regulate metabolic plasticity may be a preferred approach, placing the AKT kinase in the limelight again, where the prevention of feedback regulation and/or activation of salvage pathways will be key for a successful therapeutic modality. David M. Rubenstein, cofounder of one of the world's largest investment firms, has spent years interviewing the greatest investors in the world to discover the time-tested principles, hard-earned wisdom, and indispensable tools that guide their practice. | (A) Univariate analysis of subgroups (n= 776 patients; alternative numbers of patients indicated in case values/data were missing) for OS. Within days of Harold's remarriage, Edith announced plans to marry Edward Krenn, a 28 year old Austrian architect. For the TCA cycle a >1.2-fold (FOXO-dependent) decrease in gene expression is indicated. "My mother was a stay-at-home mom, but she was always involved in things," Lavender says, adding that her mother was "always the fun mom." Laurance S. Rockefeller, 1910-2004 | Rockefeller Archive Center "[17] She was also said to be interested in astrology and to celebrate Christmas on December 15. The effects of AKT inhibition on the OCRs were similar in MCL-1 overexpressing MM cells and the control cells, indicating that survival and mitochondrial respiration are independently regulated by AKT (supplemental Figure2H). This implies that most glucose is converted into lactate and cannot be used for the TCA cycle, suggesting that other carbon sources fuel OXPHOS in MM. She was on student council and attended Girls' State and the Governor's School, a summer program then held at Hendrix College. To continue their mission today, Shah says the RF must "directly confront climate change." After being treated for depression by Jung, she became a successful Jungian psycho-analyst herself. Her friend won. Our data suggest that repression of FOXO by AKT is essential to sustain glycolysis and the TCA cycle activity in MM cells and, as such, predicts patient survival. She was educated at home by private tutors and, unlike other women of means at the time, did not attend finishing school.[1]. Sterling Drug, Inc., the largest holding company in the Rockefeller Drug Empire and its 68 subsidiaries, showed profits in 1961 of $23,463,719 after taxes, on net assets of $43,108,106 - a 54% profit. They would also make fudge and cookies to deliver to the neighbors, and they regularly visited nursing homes where her family and another local family would entertain the residents. Experimental details are provided in the supplemental Materials and Methods. SAID RICHES HURT CHILDREN Harold F. McCormick, Ex-Husband, Has Received $30,000 a Year Since Divorce. They saw the sights, Lavender says, but her small crew of interns stayed busy with work. Last year, the walk raised about $250,000. P-values were determined with Wald 2 test in Cox regression analysis. (A) GSEA in MMPCs from newly diagnosed patients with MM (n= 75) vs bone marrow plasma cells obtained from healthy donors (n= 15) showing that the shared FOXOrepressed gene set is enriched in MMPCs, indicating lower FOXO activity in these cells. FDR, ES, NES, and P-values are shown in the plots. . Expression of FOXO-repressed metabolic genes predicts poor survival in patients with MM. Similarly, the expression of genes associated with most steps of the TCA cycle were downregulated (>1.2-fold) in a FOXO-dependent fashion upon AKT inhibition in at least 2 HMCLs, whereas the expression of ATP citrate lyase decreased in all 3 HMCLs (Figure3D). We have previously shown that AKT regulates the stability of the antiapoptotic Myeloid-cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) protein, which is essential for the survival of MM cells.18 Consequently, HMCLs overexpressing MCL-1 were resistant to AKT inhibitorinduced cell death.18 However, MCL-1 overexpression did not prevent reduced glycolysis induced by MK2206 treatment, indicating that the effects of AKT inhibition on glycolysis were not related to the induction of apoptosis (supplemental Figure2C). After Barack Obama was elected president and Joe Biden became vice president, Lavender helped with inaugural festivities and then began coordinating travel arrangements for Biden and his family. Established in 1913, the foundation used the Rockefeller family wealth to ostensibly promote "public health" by funding mass vaccination campaigns and the founding of public health authorities around the world. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. In 1913, America's first billionaire endowed the Rockefeller Foundation, which had the ambitious goal "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world." The foundation contributed to. and G.d.W performed the experiments and analyses; R.J.B. From this we conclude that AKT-mediated negative regulation of FOXO licenses the expression of glycolysis- and TCA-associated genes in MM but not in premalignant plasma cell disorders, most likely reflecting higher energetic demands due to the increased proliferation of MM cells. It was shown previously that AKT has a direct effect on metabolism by phosphorylating several metabolic enzymes, such as HK2,47 ACLY,48 and phosphofructokinase.49 Although this may also occur in MM cells, our results suggest that this is not the major mode of action by which AKT regulates the metabolic features of MM cells. She called her parents to say she wanted to come home to Texarkana to see a doctor. -actin served as a loading control. By establishing the China Medical Board in 1914 and purchasing the Union Medical College from the London Missionary Society in 1915, the Foundation took its first steps toward that goal. UAMS says the economic impact on Arkansas could be $72 million, with 1,500 new jobs created over five years. "I love it to this day," she says. Despite the availability of high-resolution structures, the discovery of allosteric modulators remains challenging due to the dynamic nature of GPCRs in native membranes. "She just kept moving forward and kept educating people, and every time we have someone we know get cancer, Betsy's the first one there to guide them through that initial diagnosis.". Blood Adv 2023; 7 (9): 16971712. Cancer Society Executive Resigns Amid Upset Over Corporate Partnerships 01 May 2023 02:14:13 . She says Lavender reminds her regularly to get screened, noting that colorectal cancer disproportionately affects the Black community. [1] Edith helped fund the juvenile probation program of Chicago's pioneering Juvenile Court system when it was revealed that, although legislation set up the system, there was no provision to fund the probation officers. Contribution: T.A.B., G.d.W., and J.E.J.G. (C) Linear regression analysis of the glycolytic reserve values (x-axis) vs the EC50 values for 2-DG (y-axis) in HMCLs and BCLs. She knew something was wrong, so she planned to drive to Texarkana to see a doctor her family knew. [20][21] She and two of her children, John and Editha, are buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. Moreover, our results suggest that AKT signaling sustains OXPHOS independently of its effects on glycolysis because AKT inhibition still decreased mitochondrial respiration when pyruvate was present as the sole carbon source, thereby obviating the need for pyruvate provided by glycolysis. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and OXPHOS gene sets significantly depleted in MK2206-treated control clones in comparison with FOXO-deficient and untreated clones (Figure3B, supplemental Figure3A-C). Here, we demonstrate that negative regulation of the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors (TFs) by AKT is crucial to prevent the metabolic shutdown in MM cells, thus contributing to their metabolic adaptability. In MM, AKT activation is primarily caused by growth factors in the bone marrow and the sporadic loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog expression.17,21. This document may not be reprinted without the express written permission of Northwest Arkansas Newspapers LLC. Laurance received many honors for his efforts on behalf of the environment and cancer research and treatment. This result is surprising because it was previously shown that a shorter (36 kDa) MCL-1 isoform is required for normal mitochondrial bioenergetics in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.54 However, it is unlikely that the overexpression of the shorter MCL-1 isoform would rescue mitochondrial respiration because we found many OXPHOS-associated genes decreased in a FOXO-dependent fashion upon AKT inhibition. In September 2012, Lavender was on her way home to Little Rock from the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., when she began feeling ill. She had coordinated travel plans for Biden and his family and had stayed up all night making sure everyone made flights back home. HIGH PROFILE: Betsy Lavender is determined to be 'Part of the Cure' by After arriving at her parents' home, she felt worse and went to the local hospital where she found out she had colorectal cancer. "I think attitude probably was most important to me," she says, adding that it is important never to give up and "to make the best of everything. Undaunted, her team countered by putting attention-grabbing balloons on her friend's homemade signs. A biographer of her father, however, makes it clear that this could not have been true: at the time of her son's death, Edith was with him at the family estate, Kykuit, at Pocantico Hills, New York. Stasz, Clarice. For Lavender, 52, a colorectal cancer survivor, participating is part of her mission to encourage people to get screened for colorectal cancer. She was born in Fayetteville in 1970 while her father, Bill Lavender, was finishing law school at the University of Arkansas. "Anything that is thrown at me doesn't rattle me.". Mathilde and Max were married in London in April 1923. Although novel treatment strategies have improved the prognosis and outcome of MM, most patients eventually relapse and become refractory to further treatment. A year later, she and her husband established the John McCormick Institution of Infectious Diseases in Chicago, a source of funding for the researchers who later isolated the bacterium responsible for the disease. Together, these results show that AKT crucially regulates the metabolic functioning of MM cells by controlling the activity of FOXO. She also studied astrology and reincarnation. In 1927, she was mentioned in a newspaper article about Chicago's wealthy unmarried, divorced, and widowed wealthy women. The article noted that she was "glad to be rid of the gay Harold McCormick, but hasn't succeeded in convincing her friends she will never marry again.
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